Animals vs. Humans in Medical Experimentation Essay -- Biology, Animal

For centuries mankind has experimented on animals for a number of different reasons. Early experimentation with animals was originally born out of curiosity nevertheless eventually became a necessity to find medicines to cure viruses and a myriad of illnesses. If not for the existence of animals, humans would be left to experiment on themselves at a high rate which would create a worldwide moral dilemma. Such a dilemma could be dictated based on the scruple of who should be chosen for experimentation should it be a particular race or class of people? Animals commonly used in medical investigate ar rats and chimpanzees. Over time these species have proven to be plentiful and they have exhibited the ability to sustain the various testing regimens that mimic human experimentation. The engage for animals in research, particularly medical research, is because of the need to determine the toxicity and dangers of new drugs. (Prater 1). Animals are great learning tools for medica l students. For basic research, to understand a disease, dogs are an excellent mimic of the human cardiovascular system. (Dixon 1). As one may see using animals as cruelty, it avoids the death of numerous humans. Animals such as ginzo pigs can be tested on as opposed to performing a huge surgery on a human being and he/she does not make it through. The effect of some animals does not always affect people, but it can give you an idea of what dangers you may encounter. Other animals like, cats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, pigs, and sheep are to a fault tested in labs, animal research has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the final stage century for both human and animal health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, from dialysis to organ-... ...des Improvements. PubMed.com. N.P. May 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Gargaro, Carolyn C. Animals Used For Medical look for. Gargaro.com. N.P. July 1991. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Greek, Ray. Is The Use of Sentient In Basi c Research Justifiable. PEHM.com. N.P. Sept. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Jessen, Walter. Animal Research Animal Welfare Vs Animal Rights. HighlightHealth.com. N.P Sept. 2010. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Prater, Alicia M. Should Animals Be Used For Experimentation. Helium.com. N.P. Nov. 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Rolling, Bernard E. Animal Research A Moral Science. Emboreports.com. N.P. Aug. 2008. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Tatchell, Peter. The Long Fight Against Animal Testing. Guardian.com. N.P. July 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. Trull, Frankie L. The Essential Need For Animals in Medical Research. AmericanChronicle.com. N.P. Oct. 2005. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.

Why We Drop Out of College :: essays research papers

As high school students, most of us were taught the dream of going to college from the importance that it has. The real livelihood examples from our friends teach us the importance of going to college. If you drop out of college you may lose yourself, your family, and your friends. One of my friends dropped out of college because he had a bad friendship. So, they convinced him non to go to the school, but when he grew up he realized that the college was the most important occasion in his life. Even though we know that college is the best thing, why we drop out of college? That fact is that we drop out from the college for many reasons.We sometimes drop out of the college because of bad friendship. For example, my brothers friend was on the nose 19 years old and he dropped out of college only because he wanted to fit into a group that was bigger than him. As a upshot of this, he wanted to be seen as cool, but that wasnt all. Due to this, he used drugs that dropped him out of the college totally. These students dont want to seem irresponsible, so they make up an excuse, such as the bad friendship.Another reason we drop out of college is that we want to be independent. A lot of news has been locution that students atomic number 18 sensitive during the adolescence. Because of adolescence, they may think that school is nothing, it is just a waste of time. Also, facts have been saying that more and more students are creation independent related to the school. A good reason that they are independent is that they want to have their own money. However, when we dont know how to say no and face whatever problems may cause, we often use to drop out of college to avoid difficulties.However, dropping out of college is not always negative, in fact, familiar problems fuel yield positive results. In terms of financial support we know that college costs money, so a lot of students cannot afford it. For example, there are families were the parents are divorced, and one p arent has to burden all the family expenses. Often, it happens that one of the parents die, and the children have to grow up with many difficulties.

Tombs And Temples Essay -- essays research papers

What are some major architectural body mental synthesissof Ancient Egypt? there are many amazing sites of architecture in Egypt fromancient times. Many have been discovered, but there are still atomic number 53s being discoveredand excavated today. Pyramids, tombs, and temples are the main structuresstill standing that can be seen today.The first tombs of the pharaohs werelarge, unimpressive, bunker affairs called mastabas. A mastaba (Arabic for"bench") is a low rectangular structure which was built over a shaft whichdescended to the burial location. They were made from sun dried mud bricksand most have long since crumbled to dust. This all changed around 2630 BCwith the creation of the step pyramid.The Step Pyramid was designed for KingDjoser ,of the 3rd dynasty, by his vizier, Imhotep. The pyramid is locatedin Saqqara, the main necropolis of Memphis. The Saqqara pyramid has a seriesof six levels of stone decreasing in size as they ascend to about 200 feet/60meters in h eight. The Step Pyramid in the first place began as a mastaba, and it hasbeen visualized as a series of mastaba shapes, decreasing in size, stackedone on top of another. The surface was earlier encased in smooth white limestonewhich must have caught the sun light and reflected its rays. It has the distinctionof being the site of the first large stone structure built in the world. Theplace where humans began to strive for the impossible, where the imaginationgained the power to transform reality.Some of the loveliest works of artever seen can be arrange at Saqqara, in the tombs of the nobles. The limestonewalls are delicately incised with myriads of animals, fish, birds, insects,vegetation and people - hunting, herding and farming. Some of the forms stillretain their original paint, after 4,500 years The quality of these compositionsdemonstrates that the Egyptians had attained, at an early stage, an artisticculture of a very high order. Cattle Crossing is an etching made from sket chesdone at Saqqara. The medium of etching, itself a form of erosion, seemswell suited to capturing the time worn quality of the relief carving.Theperson responsible for the step pyramid, Imhotep, is credited as being theinventor of building in stone and was a man of many talents - Architect, physician,master sculpture, scribe, and astronomer. He must be the first true geniusin recorded history and t... ...ed these. Dendara was similarly used as a healing centreand in the grounds stands an ancient hospital along with a sacred lake. Aftervisiting Dendara one gets a feel for the layout of other temples along theNile and in the minds eye it is possible to reconstruct the really huge designof buildings like Karnak. What really grabbed my artistic solicitude among allthis magnificence was a small detail. The place sings with the music of birds.Hundreds of them roost in small cracks and hollows in the walls seeming tocontemplate their carved likeness in the hieroglyphic reliefs. There is oneother thing that stirs the imagination, the building bares the name of thefamous Cleopatra and her son, whose father was Julius Caesar. It is possiblethat these celebrate personalities climbed the alike(p) stairs and contemplated,on high, the same landscape which stretches for miles below. In Summation,some of the most precious examples of architecture from the ancient world areof the ancient Egyptians. Although the ancient Egyptians lived in a primitiveworld, they prove to have great knowledge for building lasting structuresthat would forever have a unique and majestic influence on the world.

Decision Making at the Executive Level Essay -- Business Management Pa

Decision Making at the Executive LevelThe focus of my term paper is the close reservation process used by todays top-level managers. Top-level managers, such as Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), Chief Operations Officers (COOs), and Chief Financial Officers (CFOs), must make critical decisions on a daily basis. Their choices and the resulting outcomes affect the company, the employees, and the stakeholders. Due to the high importance of their decisions, the process they use to reach them merits a close examination.A study published in the winter 1997 volume of Business Strategy Review suggests the major factor in a decisions success is the decision process itself. The study, by Paul Nutt, suggests that hapless decision making processes cost North American businesses billions of dollars each year. The study also proposes that most managers dont realize the importance of the process, and its effect on the success of the decision. to begin with analyzing the decision process in depth, the measurement of success must be established. Nutt used two broad measures to determine the success of decisions made. First, was the decision implemented fully. Second, was the decision still effective two years after implementation. Based on these measures, only half of the decisions in the study were considered successful. Nutt concluded that a lot time and notes was therefore wasted on these unsuccessful decisions. So during what part of the decision making process did these top-level managers go wrong? In general, many managers often quiver to a decision and stick by it, even when it continues to fail. Another cause of unsuccessful decisions is that the managers did not include those most affected by the outcome in the decision mak... ...n decisions, often increasing the chance of success. Unfortunately, most executives dont use this strategy in their decision process. Executives often rush to decisions in order to remove the tactual sensation of uncert ainty by not coming to a decision. This impulsive strategy fails because the decision maker does not include enough key people in the decision process itself. If managers would be more confident and take the time to properly assess the decisions they face, the success rate would increase and therefore save much time and money.BibliographyWorks Cited1.Kroll, Karen M., Costly omission, Industry Week, July 8, 1998, p 20.2.Information Access Company, Avoiding stupid management moves, American Printer, March 1997, v218 n6, p 94.3.Nutt, Paul, Better decision-making a field study, Business Strategy Review, Winter 1997, v8, pp 45-53.

What is This I See Before Me? :: essays research papers

What is This I See Before Me?Macbeths visions seem to be a face of his growing guilt and insatiable ambition. He is being driven to madness by his own actions. The first time we see this phenomena is just forward Macbeth goes to eat Duncan at this time he refers to a bloody dagger that seems to be floating in the air before him. This is a prelude to all that leave alvirtuoso come. Just after he commits his first murderous sin Macbeth claims to hear voices in the chambers crying out, sleep no more, Macbeth does murder sleep and, Macbeth shall sleep no more (57). These mystic voices turn out to be quite prophetic. Again after Macbeth has ordered the murder of Banquo he sees a vision of the stillborn mans ghost sitting at Macbeths table, in fact in his very chair, a gesture that can be seen to have more that one meaning. All of these visions seem to be nothing more than fabrications of his own tortured conscience. They serve as vehicles for his uncouth intrusts and as reminders of his unhappy deeds. It seems that the two people or so affected by these hallucinations are Macbeth and his wife. He obviously is most directly affected but after a while it becomes clear that they are winning there toll on her as well. Three of the major visions or hallucinations in the play were the dagger, the voices, and Banquos ghost. Is this a dagger I see before me the handle towards my hand? Come let me clutch thee (51). Macbeth speaks these words as he stands waiting for the correct time to carry out his first bloody deed. Covered with blood and pointed toward the kings chamber, the dagger represents the bloody course on which Macbeth is about to embark. (Macbeth Study Guide) It also seems to be a catalyst for his desire to kill Duncan in order to inherit the kingship. Macbeth sees the dagger as a sign that he shall proceed with this wicked night. Thou marshalst me the way that I was going, and such an instrument I was to use. (53) The primary difference between this h allucination and those that followed is that this time Macbeth knows that it isnt real. He seems fascinated by it, but aware(predicate) that it is only a dagger of the mind, a false creation (53). He even suggests that it is a product of a heat-oppressed brain (53).

What is This I See Before Me? :: essays research papers

What is This I See Before Me?Macbeths visions seem to be a musing of his growing guilt and insatiable ambition. He is being driven to madness by his own actions. The first time we see this phenomena is just originally Macbeth goes to belt down Duncan at this time he refers to a bloody dagger that seems to be floating in the air before him. This is a prelude to all that pull up stakes come. Just after he commits his first murderous sin Macbeth claims to hear voices in the chambers crying out, slumber no more, Macbeth does murder sleep and, Macbeth shall sleep no more (57). These mystic voices turn out to be quite prophetic. Again after Macbeth has ordered the murder of Banquo he sees a vision of the nonviable mans ghost sitting at Macbeths table, in fact in his very chair, a gesture that can be seen to have more that one and only(a) meaning. All of these visions seem to be nothing more than fabrications of his own tortured conscience. They serve as vehicles for his uncouth re lys and as reminders of his unhappy deeds. It seems that the two people or so affected by these hallucinations are Macbeth and his wife. He obviously is most directly affected but after a while it becomes clear that they are pickings there toll on her as well. Three of the major visions or hallucinations in the play were the dagger, the voices, and Banquos ghost. Is this a dagger I see before me the handle towards my hand? Come let me clutch thee (51). Macbeth speaks these words as he stands waiting for the correct time to carry out his first unskillful deed. Covered with blood and pointed toward the kings chamber, the dagger represents the bloody course on which Macbeth is about to embark. (Macbeth Study Guide) It also seems to be a catalyst for his desire to kill Duncan in order to inherit the kingship. Macbeth sees the dagger as a sign that he shall proceed with this wicked night. Thou marshalst me the way that I was going, and such an instrument I was to use. (53) The primary difference between this hallucination and those that followed is that this time Macbeth knows that it isnt real. He seems fascinated by it, but alert that it is only a dagger of the mind, a false creation (53). He even suggests that it is a product of a heat-oppressed brain (53).

Sealed Air Company Hbs Case

For the soap manipulation of M. HUSSAIN Harvard Business civilize 9-582-103 Rev. September 24, 1985 pixilated short letter potful The ch pedigree and chief executive officer of certain(a) walkover Corporation, T. J. Dermot Dunphy, explained the sloppeds 25% average annual growth in shed light on gross revenue and net earnings from 1971 to 1980 The comp alls history has been characterized by technical accomplishment and commercialize leadership. During the last 10 years we built on our development of the archetypal closed-cell, lightweight cushioning material, introduced the first foam-in-place encase system, and engineered the first complete solar heating system for swimming pools.We int curiosity to follow the same management guidelines in the 1980s. We int closing curtain to seek limitet leadership beca commit market leadership optimizes profit, and foster technological leadership beca work it is the simply(prenominal) when long-term guarantee of market leadershi p. In July 1981 Barrett Ha expenditurer, crossway manager of Sealed sends Air Cellular Products, was reflecting on Dunphys management philosophy as he considered how Sealed Air should oppose to some unanticipated competition in the over treasureive box market.As crossway manager, Hauser was responsible for the closed-cell, light-weight cushioning material that Dunphy had mentioned. Sealed Airs registered trademark get wind for this product was AirCap. 1 AirCap cushioning materials had always faced a variety of competitors in the protective packaging market. More recently, however, several small regional producers had invented more or less Sealed Airs manufacturing process patents and begun to market cheap imitations of AirCap in the United States. AirCap Cushioning and Its CompetitorsAirCap cushioning was a clear, laminated plastic sheet containing air card-houses of like sizing (see Exhibit 1). The feature that differentiated AirCap cushioning from all other bubble prod ucts was its restraint-coating individually AirCap bubble was cover on the inside with saran. This greatly increase air remembering, meaning less compression of the material during freightage and, consequently, divulge protection. Barrier-coating and its customer benefits had been the central theme of Sealed Airs AirCap cushioning market effort for 10 years. Sealed Air, AirCap, and Instapak are registered trademarks of Sealed Air Corporation. Solar Pool Blanket is a TM trademark of the same corporation. Robert J. Dolan, associate professor, fain this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Certain private selective information have been disguised. Copyright 1982 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163.No part of this public ation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any sumelectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 This document is authorized for use notwithstanding by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the pocket use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Between 1971 and 1980 Sealed Air and Astro promotional material of Hawthorne, New Jersey, were the only air bubble packaging material producers in the United States.Sealed Air licensed Astro to use Sealed Airs patented technology. Astro produced ii types of bubbles a barrier bubble similar to AirCap,2 and an uncoated bubble. Its sales were split about evenly amid the two. In 1980 Astros total U. S. sales were approximately $10. 5 million, compared with $25. 35 million in U. S. sales for AirCap cushioning. Sealed Airs market education had make customers aware of the advantages of coated bubbles consequently, uncoated bubbles had never achieved greater than a 15% dollar share of the U.S. market before 1980. In July 1981 uncoated bubble operations were being set up in Ohio, California, and New York. GAFCEL, which served the metropolitan New York market, was the only competitor yet to achieve significant sales volume. Two GAFCEL salespeopleone full judgment of conviction, the other about half timehad reached a $1 million annual sales rate. Several of AirCaps distributors had taken on the GAFCEL line. Hauser was preparing to recommend Sealed Airs reaction to these somewhat unanticipated competitors.The firm could produce an uncoated bubble as cheaply as GAFCEL within a month with no major capital investment it could flush on machines used for another Sealed Air product. If Hauser were to recommend that the historic champion of barrier-coating offer an uncoated bubble, he would have to specify timing, the marketing broadcast for the new product, and any adjustments in policies for AirCap cushioning and Sealed Airs other products. As Hauser thought about his options, he again flipped through the education manual recently distributed to Sealed Airs sales force How to Sell against Uncoated Bubbles. The Protective encase Market The three major use segments of the protective packaging market were 1. Positioning, blocking, and bracing These protective materials had to secure large, heavy, usually semirugged items in a container. Typical applications embroild shipment of motors and computer peripherals. 2. Flexible wraps These materials came chthonic less pressure per square foot. Applications included glassware, small spare parts, and light medical instruments. 3. Void take on These materials were added to prevent movement during shipping when an item and its protective wrap (if any) did not fill its carton.The positioning, blocking, and bracing market was unique because of the heavier weights of items shipped. Flexible wrap and void fill were sometimes hard to separate because it was convenient to use the same product for both functions. The key distinction was that loose fills (for instance, polystyrene beads) dominated the void fill market but provided no cushioning protection and, hence, did not qualify as flexible wrap. Until 1970 most materials used for protective packaging were produced primarily for other purposes. Heavy, paper-based products had dominated the market. Sealed Air was one of the first Astros barrier bubble and the AirCap bubble differed in both manufacturing process and coating material. Astro used nylon rather than saran. The basic idea of reinforcing the polyethylene bubbles to improve air retention was, however, the same. 2 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the easy lay use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 companies to progress the market with a customer orientation, i. e. , it began product development with an assessment of packagers needs.Since then a variety of products specifically designed for protective packaging had appeared. Sealed Air served these markets with two products 1. Instapak foam-in-place systems (1980 world dewy-eyed sales of $38. 8 million) could accommodate any application, though their most advantageous use was for heavy items. In this process two liquefiable chemicals were pumped into a shipping container. The chemicals rapidly expanded to form a foam cushion well-nigh the product. Instapaks comparative advantage resulted in a majority of applications in positioning, blocking, and bracing. . AirCap bubbles (1980 oecumenic sales of $34. 3 million) primarily served the flexible wrap and void fill markets. In asset to coated and uncoated polyethylene air bubbles, there were two major competitors in these markets paper-based products (cellulose wadding, single-face corruga ted, and indented kraft), and foams (polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyethylene). An excerpt from an AirCap promotional brochure in Exhibit 2 shows how Sealed Air positioned AirCap as a follow-effective substitute for these competitive products and loose fills.The brochure first pointed out the cost savings from AirCap cushioning, then presented results of fatigue and original burdensomeness retention tallys to testify AirCaps protective superiority. Exhibit 3 compares products competitive with AirCap cushioning and Exhibit 4 gives their U. S. Iist monetary values, which represent relative costs for any order size from an end user. Quantity discounts were offered on all materials. Buying Influences The proliferation of packaging products and the lack of easily demonstrable universal superiority caused confusion among end users.For example, products such as pewter mugs were shipped around the United States in AirCap cushioning, Astro coated bubbles, or even old newspapers. Use rs were a varied lot. Some bought on a scientific price/performance basis. They soundless cushioning curves such as those in Exhibit 5. Sealed Air could provide independently measured cushioning curves for competitive products as well as its own. Regardless, many another(prenominal) firms did their own testing. At the other end of the spectrum were firms with a purchasing-department mentality, as some packaging materials suppliers put it.Price per square foot was their first consideration, deli rattling their second. As one Sealed Air executive commented, To these people, cushioning curves are like accounting numbers. They think you can gift them say anything you want. There were no systematically collected data on the buying process or the extent to which price dominated performance in the purchase decision. Based on his understand as a district sales manager and now product manager, Hauser guessed that a packaging engineer influenced about 40% of the material purchase decis ions. 3 This document is authorized for use only by Md.Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation The U. S. Market In 1980, dollar sales by segment in the U. S. protective packaging market were Positioning, blocking, and bracing $585 million Flexible wrap $126 million Void fill $15. 6 million Exhibit 6 breaks down total sales for the flexible wrap market by product type for 1975, 1978, and 1980. AirCap cushioning annual sales in the United States since 1972 were Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Gross Sales (in millions) $7. 10. 0 13. 0 12. 8 14. 6 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 Gross Sales (in millions) $16. 4 18. 4 21. 2 25. 3 Despite the high cost of coated bubbles relative to the uncoated product, Sealed Air had kept most of the U. S. air bubble market. winder factors were Sealed Airs patent protection and licensing of only one competitor, extensive market education , and the packaging mentality in the United States. Packaging engineers enjoyed a status in U. S. organizations not accorded them elsewhere. Packaging supplies were viewed as a productive, cost-saving resource.In contrast, recent research by Sealed Air indicated that many European firms viewed packaging supplies as expendable commodities. The European Market Sealed Air had manufacturing operations in England and France and a sales organization in Germany. 3 It was the only company selling a coated product in these countries. Sales figures for 1980 were Country England France Germany Total Bubble Sales $3,649,000 4,480,000 7,688,000 AirCap Sales $2,488,500 592,200 404,600 3 The firm withal had a manufacturing knack in Canada and a sales organization in Japan.Sealed Air licensees operated manufacturing facilities in Australia, Mexico, South Africa, and Spain. 4 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Table A Differing Grades of AirCap Cushioning Bubble Heights SB SC ST SD 1 8 / in. high, used for surface protection when cushioning requirements were minimal. 3/16 in. high, used primarily for wrapping small, intricate items, possibly for larger items if not very fragile. 5 16 / in. igh, used in same kinds of applications as SC grade, except with slightly greater cushioning requirements. Also used as a void fill. / in. high, used for large, heavy, or fragile items or as a void fill. 1 2 Plastic get hold of heavinesses Light duty (110) each tier of film was 1 mil (1/1,000 of an inch) thick used for light wads. Regular duty (120) one layer of 1 mil and one layer of 2 mils for loads up to 50 lbs. per sq. ft. Heavy duty (240) one layer of 2 mils and one of 4 mils for loads up to 100 lbs. per sq. ft. superintendent duty (480) one layer of 4 mils and one of 8 for loads over 100 lbs. er sq. ft. E ngland. Sealed Air had developed the protective packaging market here and had good distribution. Later on, Sansetsu, a Japanese firm, began marketing a high-quality uncoated product made in Germany. Prices for the uncoated bubble were 50% less than the cost of comparably sized AirCap cushioning. Sansetsu and other uncoated bubble manufacturers had chipped away at Sealed Airs one-time 90% market share. The most pessimistic Sealed Air distributors estimated that the firm would lose 50% of its current market share to uncoated bubbles within three years. France.Here, Sealed Air possess an uncoated bubble manufacturer SIBCO, with sales of $750,000 in 1980. In 1972 SIBCO was the only marketer of uncoated bubbles in France. Two major competitors, one with superior exertion facilities, had entered the market. Uncoated bubbles were priced about 40% lower than AirCap, and price was the key buying determinant. The major French distributor of AirCap cushioning had a 50-50 mix of coated and un coated sales in 1978. In 1980 the mix had changed to 70-30 (uncoated over coated), with 90% of new bubble applications being uncoated. Germany.AirCap cushioning was a late entrant (1973) to the German market and never held commanding share. Moreover, from 1978 to 1980, it had lost share at a rate of 20% to 30% per year. Sansetsu had an efficient manufacturing facility in Germany and interchange approximately $6 million of uncoated product in 1980. (The price for uncoated was about 35% less than for coated. ) AirCap Cushioning Grades and Sales AirCap cushioning grades differed in bubble vizor and thickness of the plastic films. Bubble natural elevations were designated by a letter code, and the plastic films came in four thicknesses (see Table A).Sealed Air produced eight different height/thickness combinations (see Table B). Some of the known end uses for each grade are shown in Exhibit 7. 5 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Table B Eight Different Height/Thicknesses by Sealed Air Thickness Height (inches) SB-1 8 110 X 120 X X X 240 X X X 480 / SC-3/16 ST-5 16 SD-1 2 / / X Table C AirCap Sales by Grade Sales in 1,000 Square Feet Grade 1/8 in.SB-110 3/16 in. SC-120 SC-240 5/16 in. ST-120 ST-240 1/2 in. SD-120 SD-240 SD-480 Total sales JulyDecember 1979 59,128 76,349 5,036 31,912 4,369 44,252 25,202 3,138 249,386 JanuaryJune1980 48,513 81,014 4,426 42,234 3,914 43,624 21,799 1,358 246,882 cross off In addition, because SB-110 could not compete in price against foams for many surface protection applications, Sealed Air introduced an A-100 grade in January 1980. The A-100 bubble was 3/32 in. highthe shortest coated bubble Sealed Air could make with available technology. January to June 1980 sales of A-100 were 17,802,000 sq. ft.Sales by grade for the last six months of 1979 and the fir st six months of 1980 are shown in Table C. Pricing All AirCap cushioning was sold through distributors. Prices reflected Sealed Airs costs and the prices of competitive products. Variable costs and prices to the distributor are shown in Table D. Sealed Airs suggested resale price list is shown in Exhibit 8. Largely because of its selective distribution policy, distributors generally followed this list. The price schedule entailed quantity discounts for end users. Thus, distributor margins varied with the size of the customers individual order. Quantity price was determined by the total square footage of a single order, combining all grades, ordered for shipment at one time to a single destination. ) In some major metropolitan areas, up to 50% of AirCap business was truckload/ machine orders by end users. In this event Sealed Air shipped the material from its plant directly to the end user the distributor received a 10% margin and handled user credit and technical service. In some m arkets the percentage of direct shipments was as low as 10%. 6 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? al taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Selling Effort Sealed Airs U. S. operation consisted of 7 regional manufacturing operations, 62 salespeople (each selling AirCap cushioning, Instapak, and other Sealed Air products), and 370 distributors. To control the shipping cost of its bulky product, Sealed Air had regional manufacturing operations in three eastern states, Ohio, Illinois, Texas, and California. The regional presence, however, had proven to be an effective sales promotion device as well.Table D AirCap Variable cost and Distributor Prices (in dollars per 1,000 sq. ft. ) (1) Total Variable Cost $13. 78 16. 01 20. 56 32. 47 30. 65 38. 12 36. 31 44. 45 70. 81 (2) Price to Distributor for Truckload Deliverya $20. 60 30. 25 43. 50 56. 30 51. 40 65. 35 65. 35 78. 60 140. 90 (2) (1) Sealed Air Dollar Margin $6. 82 14. 24 22. 94 23. 83 20. 75 27. 23 29. 04 34. 15 70. 09 Grade A-100 (3/32 in. ) SB-110 (1/8 in. ) SC-120 (3/16 in. ) SC-240 (3/16 in. ) ST-120 (5/16 in. ) ST-240 (5/16 in. ) SD-120 (1/2 in. ) SD-240 (1/2 in. ) SD-480 (1/2 in. ) Manufacturing $12. 46 14. 02 17. 92 29. 83 25. 36 32. 83 28. 38 36. 52 62. 88Freight $1. 32 1. 99 2. 64 2. 64 5. 29 5. 29 7. 93 7. 93 7. 93 a Less than truckload shipments were priced 15% to 20% higher. Consequently, distributors almost always ordered in truckload quantities. They were allowed to mix grades within an order. Depending on the grade ordered, a truckload could contain 70,000 sq. ft. (all SD-480) to 420,000 sq. ft. (all A-100). beforehand Instapak was acquired in 1976, 28 salespeople devoted 90% of their time to AirCap cushioning products. In 1981 the 62-person force was expected to allocate time as follows 60% to Instapak systems, 35% to AirCap cushioning, and 5% to other Sealed A ir products. Exhibit 9 shows Sealed Air sales by product line and other financial data. ) Part of Sealed Airs market share leadership philosophy was a consultative selling approach. Salespeople spent about half their time making cost studies at end-user locations. With the help of Sealed Airs packaging labs, salespeople attempted to show how their products could save on material and labor cost and reduce constipation in the end users particular situation. Distributors salespeople took orders on AirCap cushioning but did little to demonstrate AirCap use and application to customers.If a distributors salesperson identified a potential AirCap account, he or she would inform the Sealed Air salesperson and a joint call would be arranged. In this way the potential account learned about the product and ordering procedures simultaneously. Distributors sometimes complained to Sealed Air about the level of AirCap selling effort. Since distributors margins on AirCap cushioning were generally higher than the 10% to 12% for Instapak sales, distributors were not happy with Sealed Airs greater allocation of salesperson time to Instapak.Some distributors said they would be content if the salesperson in their area really allocated 35% to AirCap some claimed the actual AirCap selling effort amounted to only 20%. Instapaks sales growth had been impressive, but some Sealed Air executives felt this had cost them some distributor satisfaction. both(prenominal) distributors and end users regarded Sealed Airs salespeople as among the best trained and most knowledgeable in the packaging industry. Sales force salaries were above average. They were composed of a base salary add-on commissions of 2% on net AirCap sales and 1% on net sales of all other products, including Instapak. As an added incentive Sealed Air gave salespeople $75 for each Instapak dispenser placed. It took back $75 for each one removed. ) In a typical week a salesperson called on 20 end users and checked in with t wo or three distributors. 7 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation U. S. Distributors During the 1970s Sealed Air invested heavily in developing a selected distributor network. The firm had 370 distributors by 1980.Sealed Air considered cxxxv of these their first-line distributors because they collectively handled over 80% of its business. The 20 largest AirCap distributors handled about 35% of the business. Larger distributors typically carried both Instapak foam-in-place and AirCap cushioning. The largest distributor of Sealed Air products had 1980 Sealed Air sales of approximately $2 million, just about half of which were AirCap. Distributors traditionally tried to be full-line housescapable of meeting each customers complete packaging needsso they carried a broad range of products.A survey of Sealed Airs firs tline distributors showed that 83% carried loose fills, 65% carried polyethylene foam, and 29% carried Du Ponts polypropylene foam. Although most carried competitive products, distributors had displayed loyalty to Sealed Air and AirCap cushioning. Sealed Air, in turn, had kept to its selective distribution policy. Competing Uncoated Bubble Cushioning Sealed Air considered both types of bubbles made by Astro as inferior products. GAFCEL, the new regional producer, made a decent product in Hausers union he felt that its success to date came largely at Astros expense.The New York metropolitan market was ideal for the new producer. It was not customer- or distributor-loyal, and price was a key variable. Sealed Airs estimate of GAFCEL sales rates was $750,000 per year for the 1/2-in. -high uncoated bubble and $250,000 per year for the 3/16-in. bubble. Both had two layers of film 2 mils each. GAFCELs distributor prices for truckload shipments and suggested resale prices to end users for the metropolitan New York market are shown in Table E. (Astros uncoated bubble prices are in Exhibit 4. ) Sealed Air had not yet extensively tested the GAFCEL uncoated bubble.Although it was better than Astros uncoated, its performance would not be dramatically different from that found in previous uncoated testing (see Exhibit 2). In terms of cushioning curves, the l/2 in. GAFCEL bubble was corresponding to Sealed Airs ST-120 or SD-120 for very light loads, not greater than 0. 15 lbs. /sq. in. pressure. At greater loads, however, the acceleration curve would increase rapidly, wretched above even the SB-110 by pressures of 0. 25 lbs. /sq. in. (see Exhibit 5). 8 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012.For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Table E GAFCELs Distributor Prices per 1,000 Sq. Ft. SO-22 (3/16 in. ) LO-22 (1/2 in. ) $36. 03 Distributor trucklo ad Suggested resale by order size 1,000 sq. ft 20,000 sq. ft 40,000 sq. ft 100,000 sq. ft Truckload $31. 63 $56. 54 47. 12 42. 84 39. 40 34. 79 $75. 24 62. 70 57. 07 44. 68 39. 63 Sealed Air Decisions Sealed Air had conducted a good deal of research on manufacturing uncoated bubble products. It knew the best production process would be similar to that soon used for its Solar Pool Blankets.Thus, the firm could begin manufacture of an uncoated product quickly in its New Jersey plant. Likely distributor response to a Sealed Air uncoated product was difficult to predict. Some distributors had requested it, but others regularly complained that there were already too many coated grades. Preliminary estimates of the variable costs for producing Sealed Air uncoated bubbles were $19 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 3/16 in. height, $20 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 5/16 in. , and $21 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 1/2 in. Freight cost depended on bubble height and distance shipped.Although GAFCELs production process was completely different, its production costs were believed to be comparable. Hauser now had to check whether to recommend that Sealed Air enter the uncoated bubble market (with an about-face on its previous exclusive emphasis on coated bubbles), or whether to suggest some other reaction to its new competitors. 9 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 1 AirCap Products and UsesCushioning AirCap air bubble cushioning protects products against scandalise and vibration during handling and shipping by literally floating them on a cushion of air. This material offers consistent performance because our unique barrier-coating guarantees air retention. AirCap withstands repeated impact since it will not fatigue or take a compression set. Cushioning applications include a range of products from lightweight reta il items to delicate power supplies weighing several hundred pounds. ask the grade that best fits your cushioning application Protective Wrap/InterleavingAirCap is an excellent protective wrap material and ideal for interleaving between similarly shaped items. It is clean, non-abrasive, weak to use and provides superior surface protection. Lay your product on AirCap sheeting, fold it over and your product is fully protected Typical protective wrap/interleaving applications include china, glassware, printed circuit boards, and spare parts. Void Fill When a void in a package is not completely filled, the cushioned product may move within the shipping container. This movement is a major cause of damage in transit.Since large regular-duty AirCap bubbles do not compress, they fill voids effectively and eliminate product movement. Simply stuff AirCap sheeting into the carton, (left) or use an economical rolled log. Its easy, clean, lightweight, and cost efficient 10 This document is a uthorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. 582-103 -11- Exhibit 2 Sealed Air Presents AirCap as Cost-Effective Substitute Typical Cost-Savings Comparisons 60 Cellulose boxing Rubberized sensory hair Type IV Resists Fatigue 50 40 0 Uncoated Bubbles Urethane Foam Polypropolene Foam AirCap % Increase in Shock 20 In the out-migration environment packages are subjected to many jolts, bumps, and piques that can potentially cause damage. To function effectively a cushioning material must retain its ability to protect over a series of repeated impacts. The loss of protective ability during repeated impact is termed material fatigue. This graph (left) indicates the increased shock an average procut (0. 25 psi) will receive during a ten drop sequence from 24 inches. Test results show barrier-coated AirCap outperforms all materials tested. 0 0 1 Number of Impacts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BARRIER-COATING Each indi vidual AirCap bubble is barriercoated to retain the air. AirCap Vs. Corrugated Inserts A distributing firm found that it needed an unjustified amount of flowable to prevent product migration. A new AirCap package (left) using a simple criss-cross technique resulted in cut down material, shipping, labor and carton costs. Item Carton Inner packaging patience Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap IMMEDIATE THICKNESS outrage AirCap retains its original thickness upon the immediate application of a load (See Below). informal Fill Package $ . 73 . 75 . 42 3. 02 $4. 92 AirCap Vs. Loose Fills Material well-tried A manufacturer using corrugated inserts, cellulose wadding and polyethylene bags eliminated the need to inventory many packaging components (right) and reduced labor 84% by shift to AirCap (left). Total Thickness Loss Retains Original Thickness Item Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap Corrugated Package $ . 55 . 80 . 83 2. 60 $4. 78 AirCap Package $ . 55 1. 05 . 13 2. 40 $4. 13 $ . 65 AirCap Package $ . 47 . 54 . 25 2. 72 $3. 98 $ . 94AirCap SD 240 14% polypropene Foam 30% polythene Foam 40% Cellulose Wadding 38% Rubberized Hair IV 51% Uncoated Bubbles 64% (Large) Urethane Foam (1. 25 53% * * pct) Embossed 54% * * Polyethylene (Hex) *30 day evaluation not conducted due to inordinate initial thickness loss. Initial Thickness Loss Upon 04 psi Load 7% 19% 16% 26% 24% 14% Gradual Thickness Loss After 30 Days 7% 11% 24% 12% 27% 50% When a load is placed on a cushioning material two things occur that may suffer to a deterioration in its performance. First, is the immediate compression of the material.Second, is the additional, more gradual loss of thickness termed creep. Generally excessive thickness loss of a material results in increased material usage in cushioning and dunnage applications. Creep may contribute to product damage as the loss of thickness creates a void in a package, allowing the product to move, shift, or migr ate. This chart (left) demonstrates how barrier-coated AirCap retains its original thickness better than all materials tested and provides product protection throughout the entire packaging, shipping, handling, and storage cycle.GRADUAL THICKNESS LOSS (CREEP) AirCaps unique barrier-coating retains the air more effectively than uncoated bubbles, eliminating creep. AirCap Vs. Thin-Grade Foams AirCap Vs. Cellulose Wadding A metering firm discovered it needed only half as much AirCap to achieve the same performance that cellulose wadding provided (right). In addition to lowering material costs, AirCap (left) is clean, lint free, non-abrasive, and lightweight. Item AirCap Package An electronic service center employing the use of a thin-grade foam (right) required many layers of wrapping to protect against shock and vibration.Large AirCap bubbles (left) provided superior performance and lower packaging costs. This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ?nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap Cellulose Wadding Package $ . 30 . 22 . 25 1. 35 $2. 12 $ . 22 . 12 . 08 1. 20 $1. 62 $ . 50 CONVENTIONAL CELLULOSE MATERIAL UNCOATED BUBBLES Item Foam Package For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap $ . 46 1. 33 . 66 4. 09 $6. 4 AirCap Package $ . 38 . 87 . 33 3. 94 $5. 52 $1. 02 For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 3 1. agonistic Product Information Cellulose wadding (a paper-based product which tries to trap air between piles of sheeting) Major suppliers twinkling Packaging, Hillside, N. J. CelluProducts Co. , Patterson, N. C. Sizes available Thickness of 0. 17 in. , 0. 25 in. , 0. 37 in. , 0. 50 in. Advantages/disadvantages Much cheaper than AirCap in thin grades will not mark item wrapped heavier than AirCap (34 Ibs. per cu. ft. vs. less than 1 lb . or AirCap) meaning higher shipping cost excessive compression under heavy loads (see test results, Exhibit 2). Corrugated products (sheets of ribbed cardboard, often cut and perforated to specific sizes) Major suppliers About 800 firms manufacturing in 47 states, including larger paper companies. Advantages/disadvantages bingle face (cardboard with ribs on one side) appreciably cheaper than AirCap on square-foot basis labor cost of using corrugated usually very high poor cushioning. Polyethylene foam (thin, smooth, rigid sheets of low-density foam) Major suppliers Sentinel Foam Products, Hyannis, Mass.CelluProducts Co. , Patterson, N. C. Jiffy Packaging, Hillside, N. J. Sizes available 48 or 68 in. wide rolls of thickness 1/16, 3/32, 3/16, 1/4 in. Advantages/disadvantages Appreciably cheaper than AirCap in thin grades on square-foot basis does not mark item wrapped rigid product means hard to work with tendency to tear cushioning inferior to AirCap more expensive than AirCap in thicker grades. polypropene foam (thin, coarse, rigid sheets of low-density foam) Major supplier Du Pont Microfoam Sizes available Standard 72 in. wide rolls of thickness 1/16, 3/32, 3/16, 1/4 in. Advantages/disadvantages Basically the same as for polyethylene foam. Loose fills (expanded polystyrene beads, peanuts, etc. ) Major suppliers Many small firms Advantages/disadvantages 50% cheaper than AirCap on cubic foot basis messy poor cushioning. Uncoated bubbles (sheets of small air bubbles made of polyethylene film) Major producer Astro, Hawthorne, N. J. (Sealed Air licensee) Sizes available 48 in. wide roll standard, bubble heights 3/16, 1/4, 1/2 in. Bubbles also varied in the thickness of the films used. Generally, thicknesses were 1, 2, 3, or 4 mils with increasing film thickness giving greater strength. Advantages/disadvantages Cheaper than comparable height coated bubble excessive air loss over time (about 65% height loss under 50 Ibs. per sq. ft. pressure over 30 day s vs. 15% for AirCap). Competitive coated bubble (essentially the same as uncoated bubble except nylon film coating added) Major supplier Astro, Hawthorne, N. J. (Sealed Air licensee) Sizes available 48 in. wide roll standard, bubble heights 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 1/2, 1 in. Advantages/disadvantages Under heavy loading, nylon barrier holds up better than Sealed Airs saran barrier poor quality control (bubble heights generally 13% less than specified). . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 12 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Exhibit 4 Suggested End User Prices (in dollars) for Major Competitive Products 1. Paper-Based Cellulose Wadding (Jiffy Packaging) Thickness (in. ) 0. 17 0. 25 0. 37 0. 50 2. Foams Thickness (in. ) 1 16 Price $27. 70 37. 40 50. 60 65. 00 Single-Face Corrugated $22. 75 Jiffy Packaging (polyethylene) $20. 30 25. 9 0 34. 15 53. 35 na Sentinel Products (polyethylene) $18. 20 24. 00 32. 70 49. 40 naDu Pont Microfoam (polypropylene) $17. 20 25. 17 34. 90 53. 86 109. 72 / / 1/8 3/16 3/8 3 32 3. Competitive Bubbles (Astro) Coated Nylon Bubble Height (in. ) 1 8 3 16 UncoatedPolyethylene a Film Thickness (mils) 1 and 1 1 and 2 1 and 2 1 and 2 2 and 4 1 and 2 2 and 4 Price $35. 25 49. 50 57. 00 71. 75 87. 75 90. 00 110. 00 Bubble Height (in. ) 3 16 Film Thicknessa (mils) 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 Price $47. 00 54. 50 65. 75 / / 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 / / 1/2 1 4 Note Prices are per 1,000 sq. ft. based on a 50,000 sq. ft. order. a. Each bubble is made of two layers of film. Thicknesses shown are for individual layers in mils.Thicker film produces a stronger product. 13 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 5 Comparative Cushioning P erformance by Grade Engineered To Provide Superior Cushioning The test data on the graph below was developed by the Lansmont Corporation, an independent testing laboratory. The test method used closely simulates actual shipping conditions, and employs the use of an enclosed test block and shock machine.Five bottom drops were executed from 24 inches at each static stress. The last four drops were averaged to arrive at data points used to develop each cushioning effectiveness curve. This data illustrates AirCaps superior performance over a wide range of loadings, and may be used for comparison and to specify the best AirCap grade and thickness for your cushioning requirements. (SD-240 curves taken from data provided in Military Handbook 304-A). 300 SB-110 SC-120 250 SC-120 (2 layers) Peak acceleration (Gs) 200 SCT-120 150 SD-120 100 ST-120 (2 layers) SD-120 (2 layers) SD-120 (3 layers) SD-240 (4 layers) 50 SD-240 (6 layers) . 05 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 25 . 3 . 35 . 4 Static Stress (psi) Sour ce AirCap brochure. Note To be read For a product exerting 0. 25 Ibs. per sq. in. of pressure on the packaging material while at rest, the peak acceleration (a measure of shock to the product) when dropped from 2 ft. is 118 g. if SD-120 is used, 260 g. if SB-110 is used. 14 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Exhibit 6 U. S.MarketFlexible Wraps by Product Type (in millions of manufacturers dollars) 1975 1978 23 25 1 49 11 5 6 22 22 93 1980 23 27 1 51 12 7 25 44 31 126 Paper-based Cellulose wadding Single-face corrugated Indented kraft Foamsa Polyurethane Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyethylene air bubbles Coated and uncoated (combined) Total Source Company records. b 20 20 1 41 10 4 1 15 15 71 a. Sales figures exclude nonpackaging uses, such as construction and furniture industries. b. Figures are for flexible wrap market only and are therefore less than AirCaps and Astros total U. S. sales. Exhibit 7 Grade SB-110AirCap Applications by Grade Package Contents Furnace thermostats Shorthand machines taco shells Tempered glass sheets Clocks Wooden picture frames Light fixtures Overhead projector lenses Computer components Telephone bell ringers Amplifiers Saucepans Two-way radios Exit alarms Mixers Fryers Carbonless paper rolls Oven burners Pharmaceutical bottles Candleholders Recorders Carburetors Lamps gallon jugs Computer terminals Printed circuit boards Foil wallpaper Blood coagulation timers Leaded glass windows Custom motorcycle seats Motor controls Shredded paper Packaging Material Displaced (if known) 16-in. Corrugated / polypropylene foam SC-120 SC-240 ST-120 Shredded paper Corrugated Corrugated Corrugated / polyethylene foam Corrugated Urethane foam pads 3 32-in. ST-240 SD-120 Polypropylene foam SD-240 Corrugated Foam pads and corrugated Corrugated Astro uncoated bubble LP-24 SD- 480 15 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air CorporationExhibit 8 Suggested U. S. Resale Price List, Effective March 1980 Sq. Ft. per Order per Single Destination 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar Same price per 1,000 sq. t. as SD-120 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 Truckload/railcar $107. 85 97. 70 87. 55 81. 40 79. 35 72. 40 130. 75 118. 30 105. 95 98. 55 95. 70 87. 25 232. 75 2 10. 55 188. 35 175. 55 171. 25 $155. 60 Price per 1,000 Sq. Ft. $34. 30 30. 85 27. 45 25. 70 24. 75 22. 80 50. 00 45. 40 40. 90 38. 10 37. 05 33. 50 71. 0 64. 55 57. 40 53. 75 52. 60 47. 65 93. 40 84. 40 74. 95 70. 20 68. 60 62. 25 85. 30 77. 10 68. 50 64. 25 62. 75 $57. 25 Item (thickness in inches) A-100 (3/32) SB-110 (1/8) SC-120 (3/16) SC-240 (3/16 ) ST-120 (5/16) ST-240 (5/16) SD-120 (1/2) SD-240 (1/2) SD-480 (1/2) 16 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103Exhibit 9 Selected financial Data ($ thousands) 1976 1977 $21,422 15,489 3,595 2,682 $43,188 35,765 $24,270 12,093 (816) 6,009 1978 $25,028 21,133 3,453 4,644 $54,258 43,410 $31,111 14,527 (738) 7,882 1979 $29,996 29,056 3,432 7,951 $70,435 54,325 $43,199 16,855 (278) 10,103 1980 $34,330 38,802 3,688 11,777 $88,597 67,344 $54,125 21,485 (119) 12,868 Net sa les by class of product Air cellular packaging Foam-in-place packaging Other packaging Recreational and energy prod.Total worldwide United States Costs and expenses Cost of sales Marketing, administration, development Other income (expense) Earnings before income tax $18,872 3,049 4,553 $26,474 $16,451 6,696 32 3,359 Source Sealed Air Annual Reports 1979, 1980. 17 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012.

Ender’s Game Theme Essay Essay

Pressure, pain, corruption, and insecurity imagine dealing with this every(prenominal) moment of your life. In The Enders halt by Orson Scott Card, a young boy genius must take on the weight of the world while dealing with these things. Ender, a nine form old boy, is chosen by the government to go to Battle School, where he must learn to fight and improve his army skills. While hes there, he struggles with his own morality and insecurity, and tries to do what other people want him to do.Even though he is so smart that he beats every single challenge presented to him, he had to learn finishedtaboo the course of the novel to be self-reliant and try to figure out the truth about his full-length training. Although Ender is a boy genius and master tactician, he is easily manipulated and has a tough time dealing with the pressure of the world. Enders clever genius and astonishing force skills has made him become one of the most formidable opponents.His ability to use his genius in any situation combined with his great legions skills makes him victorious in even some of the most impossible situations, such as when he had to contend against the humongous bugger army on the battle simulator. The bugger army had outnumbered him, A thousand to one (696), and he needed to return up of a plan. So Ender decided to do the unthinkable, to take out the enemy permanently. Then he whispered a command and the ships dropped like rocks toward the planets surface. They were starships and fighters, completely unequipped to handle the heat of passage through an atmosphere.But Ender never intended them to reach the atmosphere. Almost from the moment they began to drop, they were focusing their Little Doctors on one thing only. The planet itself (701). Ender, at first matt-up like he wouldnt be able to win the battle with so many enemies against him. But he utilize his clever wit to think of the impossible and use his military skills to take action. He sent the ally ships as close to the enemy planet as possible and then used Little Doctors (Weapons of Mass Destruction) to nuke the whole planet.This ending eliminated the enemy, but it also killed Enders ally command fleet. Ender during the novel showed his great military strength and first-rate thinking to conquer many of his challenges. He was able to stand up and defeat any bullies who wanted to hurt him, and even with a seemingly unusable army he was able to train them using cutting tactics to win every single battle with them. The final simulator test against the buggers was one of the superior of his genius military wins, but little did he know that it was expert a punt.Although Ender is genius in many ways and has great military skills, he is still easily manipulated by adults and starts to crumble under the pressure of the world. Ender throughout the novel has very low self esteem. He just views himself as a tool under other peoples hands. So, when he is given the chance of a two week br eak, he takes it and has a three calendar month break. He was tired of being pressured to be the best military leader the human world had to offer. He didnt believe he could keep enduring, and persuasion he would fail.On his break, the government got so desperate for Ender they sent his sister to go in and help persuade Ender to keep on fighting. Ender insisted that his conversation with you should not be bugged. I promised him it wouldnt be, and to help inspire confidence, the two of you are going out on a raft he built himself (546). This crack of the book shows how Ender is still a human being, and everyones got a cracking point. In able to go on, many of us find it comforting and strengthen when someone says we can do it and inspires us to keep on fighting.Valentine was Enders inspiring push to keep him going, but even she was another tool the government used to manipulate Ender. Ender got manipulated a lot in the novel by adults, especially when he was training in the simula tor. The adults acted like it was just a game or challenge, and that Ender was just practicing to face the buggers. But when the final test came and Ender won by destroying the whole bugger race, he realized that the adults lied to him, and it was never just a game. Orson Scott Card illustrated how even the strongest and best of us still has a limit and can crack.Ender proved how he was one of the smartest and most brilliant military leaders alive through his training and thought out decisions in Battle and Command School. He was a genius among geniuses, and always thought of something new and effective. But he too, succumbed under the pressure of the world, and needed inspiration and courage to push through. He became too easily manipulated by adults, which led him to a decision he wish he never made. Orson Scott showed how even the best of us, can give in to the dark and evil intentions of man.

Nike in China Essay

tally Gasmi and Grelleau (2005), Many multinational companies outsource some of their production activities in countries where respectable quantitys differ from those in developed countries, which much is the majority of their consumer market. This is particularly the case of multinational producing sporting goods, such(prenominal) as Nike, Reebok and Adidas.Nike is the multinational leader in the world of sporting goods with 40% market sports blank space in 2000, before Adidas (15.1%) and Reebok (10.9 %). Paul Bowerman and Phil Knight founded the firm in 1964 in the USA under the human body Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). In the early 1970s, BRS began purpose his own line of shoes, manufactured by Japanese subcontractors. In 1972, the community achieved a turnover of around $ 2 million and change its original name by the launch of the famous Nike brand. In 1978, due to the macro- economic environment (including the oil crisis) and economic development of Japan, Nike began to look for other countries cost of labour deplorable to manufacture its shoes, as the Indonesia and Thailand , and then it goes to China and Vietnam.The quote at the beginning illustrates the problems faced by multinational companies that take for chosen to outsource in a country other than the ethical standards of their country of origin. Nike was not s heapdalized by one incident. However, it is a rather comprehensive review of the political subcontracting conducted by Nike in Asia in general and China in particular. Indeed, Nike was criticized by players defending human rights of lacking ethical serves in outsourcing in China. These actors have insisted that Nike does not meet certain multinational conventions, inter alia, freedom of association, feating conditions, forced labour, child labour and wage issues.Why and how multinational Nike has it become the main target, thesymbol of unethical behaviour, while the practice of its main competitors (Adidas and Reebok) be often sim ilar? To illustrate, concord to an opinion poll conducted in Novethic France in March 2002, Nike was the most cited unethical brand (8.7 %), tout ensemble socio- sea captain so confused that Adidas has a good picture. The leading position of Nike on the world market, the account of its brand and its products, its profitability, visibility al kickoffed actors social advocacy to make a symbol of the lack of ethics and use its market power sports items as leverage their strategies of protest. Kahle, Boushet Phelps (2000) emphasize that the focus of the controversy over Nike is due, among other factors, the characteristics of stakeholders. A stakeholder is a convention or person who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization.The ethical implications of outsourcing of production in developing countries, mainly Asian, be valued differently by stakeholders. It is thus possible to cast two rough categories, the first preferable outsourcing in low-cost countrie s and reluctant to ethical considerations and the piece sensitive to ethical considerations of outsourcing. This binary categorization distinguishes secern positions, knowing that some(prenominal) intermediate situations coexist. The following two sub- sections identify and briefly describe these two categories of stakeholders. The company is now looking for a compromise that would satisfy all stakeholders.This first category appreciate the choice of outsourcing, relegating ethical considerations into the background in favour of the organization for private economic benefits. It brings together consumers, shareholders, employees and the countries of sub-contracting and competitors. Nike consumers have a tangible product whose quality is satisfactory at an attractive cost due to low labour costs and savings related to the volume produced. This allows the multinational to reap substantial benefits that are valued by its shareholders, anxious to get the most from their investments.F or these actors, ethical considerations are overshadowed over private profits, knowing that consideration of ethical standards which have the properties of public goods may be to the detriment of their private benefits. The success of Nike over its competitors is unaccented from the evolution of itsmarket share and its leadership. Other actors, namely workers and governments of the countries of sub-contracting, remain back from the ethical choices of the multinational for different reasons, mainly based on considerations of lesser nuisance for some, attractiveness and economic development for others.What measures have been adopted by Nike to cope with these accusations? If the three response strategies mentioned above is applied, one can examine the measures it has put in place. First of all, Nike has opted for a strategy of inactivity, keeping a low profile.Nike receded charges recalling that its subcontractors were independent foreign companies with which it simply had a contr act to produce finished products. Nike also explained that the contend of workers of subcontractors were higher than those of other firms. Finally, Nike insisted that accomplish almost an ethical work by helping with its production activities in economic development and improving the living standard of the country. Then Nike has increased responsiveness. Several NGOs began to criticize Nike using the media to denounce the working conditions at subcontractors of Nike. In addition, actions such as lobbying, public protests, encouraging consumers to boycott products and trials shower bath were made. All this has affected the reputation and results of the company and thus has grown considerably, forcing multinationals to react.In that time, Nike admitted its potential role and sought to address ethical problems from concrete and tangible elements, as is the case of the establishment in 1992 of a code of conduct Memorandum of Understanding a document that requires its subcontractors the elimination of forced labour and child labour, to contain the legal provisions in force in the country concerned, with the inclusion of one day off per week and a maximum of sixty hours of work per week. The company also undertakes to recognize the right of workers to freedom of association, and not to practice any form of discrimination. Despite the existence of this Code of Conduct, there is still a lack of control, transparency and sanctions may make it effective.At present, we can say that ethical and environmental issues are consideredpriorities in the overall management of the company. Recognizing the benefit of proactive actions, Nike has recently launched in North America Reuse- A-Shoe , a voluntary program to collect and recycle used sneakers for the manufacture of flooring for different types of sports fields . This green light and others allow Nike to acquire an image of confidence, both technical and moral, in the context of environmental protection and regulation s.To conclude, we can say that the existence of a power to outside(a) market such as Nike comes more of a notion of social and moral responsibility of the business, especially critical in activities based on reputation of the company. It is absolutely necessary for the company to bugger off a balance between ethical and economic objectives, it means for the company to make substantial profits on financial matters without affecting the expectations and interests of the various stakeholders.The integration of the ethical dimension is generally perceived as a company generating costs. However, beyond this approach in legal injury of cost alone, it is possible to consider integration as a strategic option that can sustain a competitive advantage. Indeed, the establishment of a pre-activated or proactive strategy may, under certain conditions, allow companies to integrate ethical issues and generate winwinwin situations (win for the company, consumers and activists), by inserting the se efforts in a strategy of differentiating its products over those of competitors. These strategies raise many research questions, because of their characteristics.This type of differentiation, such as lack of child labour does not bring tangible changes to the product. This differentiation involves not visible and unverifiable characteristics of the concluding product by the consumer ( credence goods ). To make perceptible to the consumer, taking into account informational dimensions (information asymmetry) and cognitive (informational overload) are crucial. In addition, ethical profits generated by these strategies generally have a favourable opportunistic behaviour collective dimension, as the risk of free riding. In addition to the costs associated with the implementation of ethical characteristics, previous problems generate transaction costs can be high, especially to ensure thecredibility of ethical differentiation._PART B PORTFOLIO OF EVIDENCE__Appendix A good debate_We c an say that Mike Gustavsson is therefore utilitarian for him happiness is the supreme good of life. So happiness must prevail on wealth, freedom, and equality. Indeed, Mike thinks that corporate behaviour is determined by the behaviour at the top of the organization, if you have good people at the helm of the company, make good closings, and using the right rules, then the society itself is ethical.Mike was initially very happy that her daughter had a good job with good pay, but now he is worried business type of environment that is generated in the business that takes graduates of business schools fees and idealistic transforms them into frames bonus to research.We can say that Jan Edwards is utilitarian, in fact, it is to maximize the overall well- being of all sentient beings. Jan is involved in a program to provide education in Guatemala. January launched a program to encourage employees of his company to give their time to help the most disadvantaged people themselves. exactl y Jan has become increasingly concerned in recent years the nature of graduates it employs trade schools on its internal development program graduate. Many graduates believem exceedingly focused on profitability and work their way up the corporate ladder rather than on good people management skills, being all-around(prenominal) citizens and good, genuine people.Arguably Mei- Hua is non- consequentialist right and justice, in fact according to John Rawls (1971) , justice is served when the burden and benefits of a corporation are distributed in congruity with the principles that free and rational persons would agree as conforming to their own interests without knowing in advance what are the advantages and disadvantages they would actually receive in the distribution process. The key to ethics is fairness. She believes that professionals have had inrecent years a very bad image and negative press about their ethical behaviour.Accounting as a profession has strict codes of conduct and strict rules, and Mei- Hua has consistently adhered to these rules, and she also believes that she and her colleagues are very professional ethical and moral people who are treated unfairly . In his company, for example, they have a strict code of business conduct, especially on financial matters such as fraud, and she was always move by the way the code of conduct is reinforced in the induction of company and the company documentation. Mei- Hua believes that affectionate ethical codes of conduct and codes of conduct strong professional to lead a moral and ethical company, and the generation of profits and wealth, as well as ethical, can work alongside distributively other.Finally, we can say that Deshi Chen is man-to-manistic, in fact, according to Emile Durkheim Individualism is a political, social and moral conception which tends to favour the rights, interests and values of the individual versus the group and the community. Its principle is that the individual is the onl y entity that can measure the moral worth of an action. And rejects the substitution of the individual by the group process often used to unfairly promote individual sacrifices for the benefit of others.The dream of him one day work for a large international companies but is concerned that without a good office job, he testament never be able to provide a stable environment to raise a family, and it will not be attractive to potential brides. Deshi parents are the first in their family to have reached a comfortable lifestyle of the middle class. Deshi worked hard all his life in his education, and tried to build a good business experience to do office work. But he also knows that Western societies are hypocrites who say one thing and mean another when they lam in China. But even if Deshi is unhappy with the teaching of ethics and ethical leadership, if it fails this course, he knows he will be in danger and his diploma, which means not only the end of the dream work, but also the dream of being attractive for a bride. Deshi is not clear why these dreams have to suffer because of this unreal ethics course, and would like to see removed from the curriculum._Appendix B Ethical Dilemma Case_In this part, we are going to Identify and analyse all the ethical dilemmas for each characters. Using several concepts such as the utilitarianism, egoism, and virtue ethics concepts. So first, we are going to explain All Those concepts according to Bentham and John Stuart Mill (1987), Utilitarianism is a system of morals and ethics, unable to objectively define what is good and evil, is proposes to ignore establishing useful as the first principle of action. He considers that what is useful is good and that the avail can be determined rationally. Utilitarianism is based on the sole criterion of optimization of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, assuming that the well- being of all is well for all men.He rejects the notion duty as first and measure th e morality of an action with consequences we can expect quality. sterberg explains that egoism states that the human being should always act in target to satisfy his personal interests in the long term it would be better for everyone and not only but for all. Finally, according Metayer (2008) the virtue ethics focuses on character traits as evidenced by the actions to determine the morality of an action, we must look the character trait that is usually associated with such an act. Is it a virtue or a vice? An act is morally good because it is what would someone virtuous.Now that we have explained these concepts, we will apply them to the different characters. first the characters are faced with a dilemma are Borries, Borries s motorbus and Marcus.Borries was due to go on holiday with his girlfriend Swee Lan but his manager told him to not to go to holiday because of work. Borries s dilemma is to choose to go to meet his girl friend and her parents, but Borries would face sanction s for his manager. Or to stay at work that would generate further contracts for the company but Swee Lan and her parents Would Be very upset not to meet him. Borries decided to cancel his holiday According Bertham and Mill (1987), Borries is utilitarian because he wants the happiness of the greatest number of people and in this case these are the shareholders, managers and co-workers. The solution would be that shifts the date of his vacation he finishes his work and he leaves after.The manager s dilemma is to let Borries to go to holiday and loose further contracts or to force Borries to stay by arduous to sanction that would generate lots of contracts. For sterberg (1988) the manager is only egoist because he sees its own interests and the company interests because more contracts said more profits, and shareholders will best see him. The solution would be to leave Borries go on vacation because it give huge for the company and replace it with another person.Finally, Borriess frie nd Marcus reacts after the finality of Borries to not go to holiday and he told him that he was a coward, he was to weak to say no and had jeopardised his relationship with Swee Lan. Marcus dilemma is to tell him his opinions on him decision to stay and to convince that he made the wrong decision (that what true friend do or to do not tell him and to be a bad friend. For Metayer (2008), Marcus is a holding of virtue ethics because the fact to help that person would be charitable or benevolent. Indeed, in this case Marcus just wants to do its best to him. He took the better solution that is to say to tell him its opinions._Appendix C Interpersonal and Team-working skills_First, we were a group of 5 students, from different countries. In the group, there was no leader or no secretary. It was a group of dialogue. Indeed, the people participating in the group share the same status within the group. The social order is indeed based more on compliance but on consensus, compromise emerge s an institutionalized dialogue in which everyone can participate either by a mutual adjustment. For each seminar, we had case studies to analyse.Firstly, we were doing our work in our side and one week before the seminar, we met all together to exchange our views and our differences. The interpersonal communication in our group was very strong between members of the group and the transverse flow and informal communication. After exchanging and gave its opinion, we put our thoughts together and divided the parts we would propose to the oral. At the end of the meeting, we asked questions to each other to see if we mastered well about us.Personally, these group projects taught me a lot, in fact, to discuss, say, and especially to defend my opinions, listen to those of others, to find a consensus. This allowed me to provide personal enrichment discuss with people with different cultures. And the fact that there was a good atmosphere and good communication within the group pushed oursel ves to more investment in this module and Im convince that we were more interestedREFERENCES BENTHAM JEREMY AND STUART MILL JOHN (1987) UTILITARIANISM AND OTHER ESSAYSDURKHEIM MILE (1898) LINDIVIDUALISME ET LES INTELLECTUELS Gasmi N. et Grolleau G., (2005) Nike face la controverse thique relative ses sous-traitants Kahle L. R., Boush D. M., Phelps M., (2000) Good morning, Vietnam an Ethical analysis of Nike activities in Southeast Asia Mtayer Michel (2008) La philosophie thique enjeux et dbats actuels sterberg Jan (1988) Self and Others A Study of Ethical Egoism Rawls John (1971) A Theory of Justice

Travel and Tourism Field : Bangkok Field Trip

Introduction Tourism is clearly understood as an eminent cause of umpteen changes involving various aspects, consisting of the destinations economy, politics and glossiness (Cohen, 2001 Crick, 1994). With these radical changes, locals hold different attitude towards tourism development and holidaymakers themselves, both positively and opposely. Tourists conductal, as one aspect leading to the influential of locals attitude towards tourism, were bought upon by their penury to travel as well as their origin country and culture.MacCannell (1989) suggests that tourism is a social phenomenon that can be overtakeed as a stratum where human interactions transpire. As for this case study, preeminent focus will be on what motivate tourists to travel, their port and interaction towards the locals, as well as how locals answer to these behaviors of the tourists and their perception towards them. This study was limited in one specific tourism attraction in Bangkok. Tourism industry is a major economic cistron in Thailand.With new shopping malls and hotels built in Bangkok over recent years, international visitors grew over 14 million vacationing in Thailand, be 18th most visited country in the world (Tourism Authority of Thailand, 2010). Brief references and observation will be focus onto the locals and tourists regard their behavior and interaction in Bangkok. Case study in Bangkok A different sense of space induced upon arrival at the airport, with heightened attention on the objectives of the study trip, look were wide open and attempting to spot on materials relevant for the research.During the trip, most of the travelling was done via walking and communication barrier was an obstacle to be tackled during interaction with the locals. In attempt to accomplish the study trip theme, three interviews were conducted with other tourists and eight conducted with the locals, those of known common languages. Interesting responses were given from the locals with dif ferent occupancy roles. Culture wound arise while observing their socio cultural environment, specifically on the public response towards the young boy with both arm amputated under the blazing sunniness begging for money and how locals could dine under severe unhygienic conditions.Observation and experimental test proven locals attitude towards tourists can easily be manipulated with tipping and money. Many tourists with semblance nationality were spotted in the street of Phetchaburi shopping malls and streets. In aspect of tourism glaze, it was dishearten to watch other tourists with the same nationality to behavior in an unethical manner. Events as such were several wastage of food by the tourists due to the cheap pricing or fondness to try go forth Thai Cuisines rather than filling up and absurd talk terms by tourists in shopping malls. Literature reviewResearches and theories of others were studied to apprehend tourism motivation of traveling. Personality and motivation are interrelated, where personality could be divided into psychocentric, as non-adventuresome, and allocentric groups, as adventuresome (Plog, 1974). Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) both emphasize the importance of Push and Pull factors shaping tourist motivations. Iso-Ahola (1982) suggests tourism motivation consist of external luck, desire to escape the everyday environment, and intrinsic component, desire to acquire psychological rewards through travel in a different environment.Kozaks (2002) study examines the differences in tourist motivation surrounded by nationalities, as well as the destinations. His study discovered four dimensions of travel motivations includes cultural, pleasure or fantasy based, quietus based and fleshly motives. Ambro (2005) suggests that when tourists interact in a certain destination for a long duration of time, a kind of place dependency will be create and may even become part of their identity which develop their avidity to visit the place aga in With aspect to tourism behavior, Ritter (1987) suggests that different tourist behavior is influenced by different nationality.However, Dann (1993) criticized the use of nationality as a sole discriminating variable for illustrating the dissimilarity install in the tourists behavior. Additional variable such as age and gender differences plays a part on different motives and behaviors. Older tourists ladder to travel based on relaxation and cultural exploration, whereas younger tourists tend to seek for physical activities and engage in sports when visiting a destination (Cristina. t al, 2008). Conversely Andreu et al (2005) identified that age of a tourist holds no significant influence on travel motivations. As for the gender differences regards to traveling, Andreu et al (2005) suggest that female tourist preferred a stronger escape based and relaxation motives while male tourist preferred more recreation and activity. Following reviews will be the fundamental studies on the locals perception toward tourism.Mass tourism generates dramatic changes in both physical and cultural environment, impacting on the values and traditional way of life in the local community. These changes force local to be actively knobbed in the tourism industry of the destination (Getz 1994). Ap et al (1998) claimed that a well-establish relationship between the locals and tourists was prerequisite for a tourist destination to achieve long marches development, yet the attitudes of the local hold highly irregular meanings towards the growth of the destination (Relph, 1976).Milman et al (1988) studied the positive attitudes towards tourists, with employment opportunities, income from taxes and increased quality of life as a positive impact of tourism. Mansfeld (1992) focused the perceptions of the local and examined the negative impacts of tourism. He suggested that locals with higher incomes from tourism hold more positive attitudes towards tourism. Furthermore, Duvall (2002) pinpointed the negative impacts of tourism, which were the high taxes and prices in the destination, no vacation for the locals and long working hours to earn money.Additionally, Jafari (2001) discovered sixsome platforms of tourism, cardinal platforms namely the Advocacy and Cautionary platforms emphasized the positive and negative impacts of tourism, which was support by the previous studies. Liu et al (1987) analyzed locals perceptions of the negative impacts of tourism as a function dependent on the ratio between the number of tourists and locals. He claims that with higher ratio of tourists per locals will eventually lead to stronger criticism of tourism and a subsequent increase in opposition to tourism development.Contradicting to his analysis, Angel et al (2007) evaluated that the higher density of tourism in a destination, the more favorable people are to tourism development and less worried about the negative impact. Results and Analysis With limitations and insufficienc y of time, three interviews were conducted with other tourist within the street of Phetchaburi, mainly Singaporean and Australian aging from 21 to 33. The general question post to them was What made you choose to travel to this place? The results from these candidates hold different opinions according to their nationality. From the two interviews conducted, both with the same nationality as Singaporean, a couple aging 24 and 25, and a group of three youngsters aging 22 to 25 respectively, similar results shown that their motives to travel was to escape from everyday routine life, to relax and most importantly, shopping. The first interview conducted with the couple also stated that it was their fourth time traveling to Bangkok because they love the place.These groups were classified as psychocentric (Plog, 1974), and were motivated as Push factors in relevancy from Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) studies. Motivated from the extrinsic component (Iso-Ahola, 1982), they seek to escape from everyday life and decided to travel to Bangkok as an option. As for the first interview candidates, the results show Ambro (2005) study whereas they had treated Bangkok as their second home. On the contrary, results taken from the Australian couple hold different perceptive compared to the first two results.The Australian couple aging 31 and 33, both carrying bulky haversack, mentioned that they were on an adventure to sight Bangkok Grand Palace and Temples. Phetchaburi only served a pit-stop for them and had no interests in shopping, their desire to see and obtain new knowledge from different countries culture and history. In accordant with the motivation concepts, this Australian couple was classified as allocentrics (Plog, 1974), and were motivated as Pull factors in relevance from Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) studies.Contrasting from the first and second candidates, they were motivated from the intrinsic component (Iso-Ahola, 1982), seeking for new knowledge and experien ce from traveling where they were unable to achieve back in their country. In respect to the interviews conducted with other tourists, the two different nationalities, Singaporean and Australian, supported Kozak (2002) and Ritter (1987) studies as different nationality reflected different motives and behavior in tourism.Due to the small group sample in this study case, it was prejudiced to confirm the argument between Cristina et al (2008) and Andreu et al (2005), however observations during the trip were part agreeable with Dann (1993), age and gender plays a role in different motives and behaviors beside nationality. Such observations were spotted in Platinum Mall, where most shoppers were young tourists, mostly females, bargaining on items in shops vendor. From the results of the eight interviews conducted by the locals, six expressed positively while two explained why tourism affected negatively towards the community.Corresponding to (Relph, 1976), these result signifies that n ot all locals hold the same perception and attitude towards tourism. Questions such as What do you think tourism is Bangkok, Why were posted to the candidates and results were recorded as follows. These six locals who expressed positively towards tourism stated tourism allowed them to make a living and increased their quality of life (Jafari, 2001 Milman et al, 1988). Out of these six locals, one which was the owners of traditional Thai massage centre indicated that locals with higher incomes from tourism hold more positive attitudes towards tourism (Mansfeld, 1992).Two locals, mainly the therapist and the shop vendor expressed negatively. consort to the therapist, she stated that their pay was very little with long working hours during peak seasons, very tiring and limited job option as most job availability in the destination caters to the tourists industry (Duvall, 2002). As for the shop vendor, she mentioned tourists bargaining of goods and items created a negative impact towar ds the businesses in the shopping mall, and would rather to locals as their client because they do not bargain as much (Jafari, 2001).From the interview with the Restaurant Waiter, the results reflected relevance findings with Angel et al (2007), explained that its a everyday norm to see tourists wipe out their food hence would not mind them doing so. In comparison with 3 of the interviews, conducted by the Shop Vendor, Manicure Practitioner and Tuk Tuk Rider, interesting results collected which demonstrated the divergence of locals perception towards tourism (Relph, 1976). Both Manicure Practitioner and Tuk Tuk Rider preferred tourist customer as they could earn more from them.Notwithstanding in the Shop Vendors view as she preferred local customers. No such findings corresponds to Liu et al. (1987) study which locals perceptions of the negative impacts of tourism as a function dependent on the ratio between the number of tourists and locals Studying both results from other touri sts and the locals, as well with observation throughout the trip, various connections were discovered between the tourist and the locals in this case study.Starting off, examines had pointed out different nationality plays a crucial role onto individuals motive in traveling, leading to various behaviors. Locals perceptions towards tourism vary with the tourists behavior, which in-turn not only generates nationality stereotyping, but also bankers acceptance towards their behavior. One distinct reason of such acceptance was tourism money.With this acceptance developed with the locals, enhanced service satisfaction was provided towards tourists rather than towards the locals themselves, which resulted high satisfaction aim from tourist and eventuate high expenditure of them. There forth some locals attempted to take advantage whereas they tried to hike up prices of services and goods, memory the belief that most tourists would not be mindful of expenditure cost. Frustration occurre d for every failed attempt, such examples could be observed from the Shop Vendor and the Taxi Driver.Possibility of such failure roots back to the tourists nationality. This relationship not only associates the interactions between tourists and the locals, however evolved through the acceptance of tourists behaviors and the take aim of locals intention to earn tourism money. mould 1 Overview of the relationship between the Tourists and Locals Model 2 Acceptance and Service level interrelation with Expectancy on earning from tourists Model 1 shows the overview of the relationships between tourists and locals found in this case study as mentioned previously.Model 2 displays a simplified graph, due to the lack of quantitative data collected indicate the higher level of acceptance and service level, the higher expectancy and intention to earn tourism money. Conclusion The theoretical concepts extracted from literature reviews constitute discussion pointers on tourism motivation and be havior, as well as local perception and attitude towards tourism. In conclusion of this study case, the results highlighted the dependence of tourisms motivation and behavior on nationality.Thus, the results also evidence divergence of locals perception towards tourism. Evaluation of the analysis suggested a relationship between the tourist and the locals from the case study. The relationship indicates the acceptance of tourists behavior as an influential component with the level of quality services provided, hence leading to the intention and expectancy on tourism money. The findings of this study display significant meanings and explanation on the inconsistency of locals perception towards tourism as well as their behavior towards ourism. Due to the location and sample quantity limitations from the study case, questions such as does gender brook to different tourism motivation and behavior and diversification of the relationship suggested from this case study between the tourist s and locals in different destination were yet to be answered. (2213 words) References Andreu, L. , Kozac, M. , Avci, N. , Cifter, N. (2005). marketplace segmentation by motivations to travel British tourists visiting Turkey. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(1), 1-14. Ambroz, M. (2005).Sociology of Tourism The basis for the investigation of travelling cultures. Portoroz Turistica. Angel, B. B. , Jaume, R. N. (2007). Attitudes towards tourism and tourism congestion. JEL Classification, L83, 194-206. Ap, J. & Crompton, J. L. (1998). underdeveloped and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 120-130. Cohen, N. , eds. (2001). Ethnic Tourism in Southeast Asia. Bangkok, Thailand White Lotus Press. Crick, M. (1994). Resplendent Sites, Discordant Voices. Sri Lankans and world-wide Tourism. Switzerland Harwood Academic Publishers. Cristina, J. , Dwayne, D. 2008). Does nationality, gender and age affect travel motivation? A case of visitors to the Caribbe an Island of Barbarbos. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 25(34), 398-408. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. chronological record of Tourism Research, 6 (1), 408-424. Dann, G. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184-194. Dann, G. (1993). Limitation in the use of nationality and country of residence variables. In D. Pearce & R. Butler (Eds. ), Tourism research Critiques and challenges (pp. 88-112). London Routledge. Duvall, T. (2002).Tourists and locals the people of Mazatlan, Mexico have many another(prenominal) reasons for welcoming visitors. Retrieved from http//www. academia. edu/711646/Analogous_Inequalities_Sources_of_Conversational_Hierarchy_in_Mazatlan_Mexico Getz, D. , 1994, Residents Attitudes toward Tourism A Longitudinal Study in Spey Valley, Scotland, Tourism Management, 15(4), 247-258. Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation A rejoinder. Annals of Tour ism Research, 9(2), 256-262. Jafari, J. (2001). In Hosts and Guests Re-visited. Smith, V. L. and Brent, M. (Eds. ) Cognizant Communication Corporation. New York.